Theory
MySQL Training/Certification
MySQL offers various trainings, some of them can also completed with a certification exam.
These is short list of possibilities:
- MySQL for Database Administrators (CMDBA)
- MySQL for Developers (CMDEV)
- MySQL Cluster Database Administrator (CMCDBA)
- MySQL Performance Tuning
All information on trainings can be found here: http://www.mysql.com/training
Literature
- MySQL Performance Blog von Percona [1]
- mySQL DBA Blog [2]
- MySQL Community Librarian [3]
- Book “High Performance MySQL” from O’Reilly
- Pro-Linux Article (only in German) [4]
Monitoring Software
- MySQL Enterprise Monitor from MySQL (kommerziell), http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/monitor.html
- Kontrollbase from Kontrollsoft, http://kontrollsoft.com/software-kontrollbase
- Nagios Plugins, see Monitoringexchange or Nagios Exchange
- Cacti Mysql Templates, http://code.google.com/p/mysql-cacti-templates/
Here is a MySQL Cacti sample graph:
Tuning Tools
mysqltuner.pl
This perl script allows a fast and easy overview of the MySQL server. The script gives recommendations for configuration enhancements to improve the performance.
The following two steps are necessary to execute:
Download the latest version with wget:
server:~# wget http://mysqltuner.pl
Alternatively when using Ubuntu or Debian, mysqltuner can be installed directly from the repositories.
server:~# apt-get install mysqltuner
Next step: start MySQL-Tuner. Possibly login credentials need to be supplied.
Here a sample output of a MySQL server that has not been further optimized:
server:~# perl mysqltuner.pl
>> MySQLTuner 1.0.1 - Major Hayden <major@mhtx.net>
>> Bug reports, feature requests, and downloads at http://mysqltuner.com/
>> Run with '--help' for additional options and output filtering
Please enter your MySQL administrative login: root
Please enter your MySQL administrative password: XXXXXXXX
-------- General Statistics --------------------------------------------------
[--] Skipped version check for MySQLTuner script
[OK] Currently running supported MySQL version 5.0.51a-24+lenny2+spu1
[OK] Operating on 32-bit architecture with less than 2GB RAM
-------- Storage Engine Statistics -------------------------------------------
[--] Status: +Archive -BDB -Federated +InnoDB -ISAM -NDBCluster
[--] Data in MyISAM tables: 1M (Tables: 26)
[--] Data in InnoDB tables: 22M (Tables: 39)
[--] Data in MEMORY tables: 0B (Tables: 1)
[!!] Total fragmented tables: 10
-------- Performance Metrics -------------------------------------------------
[--] Up for: 11d 16h 28m 56s (8M q [8.714 qps], 597K conn, TX: 2B, RX: 1B)
[--] Reads / Writes: 93% / 7%
[--] Total buffers: 58.0M global + 2.6M per thread (100 max threads)
[OK] Maximum possible memory usage: 320.5M (15% of installed RAM)
[OK] Slow queries: 0% (0/8M)
[OK] Highest usage of available connections: 19% (19/100)
[OK] Key buffer size / total MyISAM indexes: 16.0M/1.9M
[OK] Key buffer hit rate: 99.4% (266K cached / 1K reads)
[OK] Query cache efficiency: 70.2% (4M cached / 6M selects)
[!!] Query cache prunes per day: 2132
[OK] Sorts requiring temporary tables: 0% (0 temp sorts / 586K sorts)
[!!] Temporary tables created on disk: 30% (24K on disk / 81K total)
[OK] Thread cache hit rate: 99% (1K created / 597K connections)
[!!] Table cache hit rate: 14% (64 open / 433 opened)
[OK] Open file limit used: 0% (6/1K)
[OK] Table locks acquired immediately: 100% (2M immediate / 2M locks)
[!!] InnoDB data size / buffer pool: 22.1M/8.0M
-------- Recommendations -----------------------------------------------------
General recommendations:
Run OPTIMIZE TABLE to defragment tables for better performance
Enable the slow query log to troubleshoot bad queries
When making adjustments, make tmp_table_size/max_heap_table_size equal
Reduce your SELECT DISTINCT queries without LIMIT clauses
Increase table_cache gradually to avoid file descriptor limits
Variables to adjust:
query_cache_size (> 16M)
tmp_table_size (> 32M)
max_heap_table_size (> 16M)
table_cache (> 64)
innodb_buffer_pool_size (>= 22M)
More information about the script can be found here: http://mysqltuner.com/
